1.0Andreas Kalckerhttps://andreaskalcker.com/en/andreasKalckerWqhttps://andreaskalcker.com/en/author/andreaskalckerwq/rich600338<blockquote class="wp-embedded-content" data-secret="2LWLAHYYmM"><a href="https://andreaskalcker.com/en/publications-on-clo%e2%82%82/">Publications on ClO₂</a></blockquote><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" src="https://andreaskalcker.com/en/publications-on-clo%e2%82%82/embed/#?secret=2LWLAHYYmM" width="600" height="338" title="“Publications on ClO₂” — Andreas Kalcker" data-secret="2LWLAHYYmM" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" class="wp-embedded-content"></iframe><script> /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(d,l){"use strict";l.querySelector&&d.addEventListener&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&(d.wp=d.wp||{},d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage||(d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage=function(e){var t=e.data;if((t||t.secret||t.message||t.value)&&!/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/.test(t.secret)){for(var s,r,n,a=l.querySelectorAll('iframe[data-secret="'+t.secret+'"]'),o=l.querySelectorAll('blockquote[data-secret="'+t.secret+'"]'),c=new RegExp("^https?:$","i"),i=0;i<o.length;i++)o[i].style.display="none";for(i=0;i<a.length;i++)s=a[i],e.source===s.contentWindow&&(s.removeAttribute("style"),"height"===t.message?(1e3<(r=parseInt(t.value,10))?r=1e3:~~r<200&&(r=200),s.height=r):"link"===t.message&&(r=new URL(s.getAttribute("src")),n=new URL(t.value),c.test(n.protocol))&&n.host===r.host&&l.activeElement===s&&(d.top.location.href=t.value))}},d.addEventListener("message",d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage,!1),l.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){for(var e,t,s=l.querySelectorAll("iframe.wp-embedded-content"),r=0;r<s.length;r++)(t=(e=s[r]).getAttribute("data-secret"))||(t=Math.random().toString(36).substring(2,12),e.src+="#?secret="+t,e.setAttribute("data-secret",t)),e.contentWindow.postMessage({message:"ready",secret:t},"*")},!1)))}(window,document); //# sourceURL=https://andreaskalcker.com/wp-includes/js/wp-embed.min.js </script> On this page you will find links to research on chlorine dioxide that is neither directly related to humans nor limited only to industrial applications or water treatment. This collection is not complete, but includes the most relevant scientific studies on chlorine dioxide to date.   By clicking on the DOI, you can access the original link and find the corresponding publication. Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of a Chlorine Dioxide Solution Jui-Wen Ma 1,2, Bin-Syuan Huang 1 , Chu-Wei Hsu 1, Chun-Wei Peng 1, Ming-Long Cheng 1,Jung-Yie Kao 2, Tzong-Der Way 2,3,4, Hao-Chang Yin 1,* and Shan-Shue Wang 5,* 1 Unique Biotech Co., Ltd., Rm. 1, 22 F, No. 56, Minsheng 1st Road, Xinxing District, Kaohsiung 800, Taiwan; https://a26154295@gmail.com/ (J.-W.M.); https://chiralrecognize@gmail.com/ (B.-S.H.); https://wei751001@gmail.com/ (C.-W.H.); https://f08220927@gmail.com/ (C.-W.P.); https://great.tree00@msa.hinet.net/ (M.-L.C.) 2 Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Received: 24 February 2017; Accepted: 17 March 2017; Published: 22 March 2017 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14030329 Download PDFAbstract:  In this study, a chlorine dioxide solution (UC-1) composed of chlorine dioxide was produced using an electrolytic method and subsequently purified using a membrane. UC-1 was determined to contain 2000 ppm of gaseous chlorine dioxide in water. The efficacy and safety of UC-1 were evaluated. The antimicrobial activity was more than 98.2% reduction when UC-1 concentrations were 5 and 20 ppm for bacteria and fungi, respectively. The half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of H1N1, influenza virus B/TW/71718/04, and EV71 were 84.65 ± 0.64, 95.91 ± 11.61, and 46.39 ± 1.97 ppm, respectively. A 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test revealed that the cell viability of mouse lung fibroblast L929 cells was 93.7% at a 200 ppm UC-1 concentration that is higher than that anticipated in routine use. Moreover, 50 ppm UC-1 showed no significant symptoms in a rabbit ocular irritation test. In an inhalation toxicity test, treatment with 20 ppm UC-1 for 24 hours showed no abnormality and no mortality in clinical symptoms and normal functioning of the lung and other organs. A ClO2 concentration of up to 40 ppm in drinking water did not show any toxicity in a subchronic oral toxicity test. Herein, UC-1 showed favorable disinfection activity and a higher safety profile tendency than in previous reports. Chlorine dioxide is a size selective antimicrobial agent Zoltán Noszticzius, Maria Wittmann*, Kristóf Kály-Kullai, Zoltán Beregvári, István Kiss, László Rosivall, János Szegedi 1 Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary 2 Jósa András Hospital, Nyíregyháza, Hungary 3 St. Imre Hospital, Budapest, Hungary 4 Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079157 Abstract Background/Aims: ClO2, the so-called “ideal biocide”, could also be applied as an antiseptic if it was understood why the solution killing microbes rapidly does not cause any harm to humans or animals. Our aim was to find the source of that selectivity by studying its reaction-diffusion mechanism both theoretically and experimentally. Methods: ClO2 permeation measurements through protein membranes were performed and the time delay of ClO2 transport due to reaction and diffusion was determined. To calculate ClO2 penetration depths and estimate bacterial killing times, approximate solutions of the reaction-diffusion equation were derived. In these calculations, evaporation rates of ClO2 were also measured and taken into account. Results: The rate law of the reaction-diffusion model predicts that the killing time is proportional to the square of the characteristic size (e.g. diameter) of a body, thus small ones will be killed extremely fast. For example, the killing time for a bacterium is on the order of milliseconds in a 300 ppm ClO2 solution. Thus, a few minutes of contact time (limited by the volatility of ClO2) is quite enough to kill all bacteria, but short enough to keep ClO2 penetration into the living tissues of a greater organism safely below 0.1 mm, minimizing cytotoxic effects when applying it as an antiseptic. Additional properties of ClO2, advantageous for an antiseptic, are also discussed. Most importantly, bacteria are not able to develop resistance against ClO2 as it reacts with biological thiols which play a vital role in all living organisms. Conclusion: Selectivity of ClO2 between humans and bacteria is based not on their different biochemistry, but on their different size. We hope to initiate clinical applications of this promising local antiseptic. Molecular interaction and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 binding to the ACE2 receptor Jinsung Yang1,4, Simon J. L. Petitjean1,4, Melanie Koehler1, Qingrong Zhang1, Andra C. Dumitru1, Wenzhang Chen2, Sylvie Derclaye1, Stéphane P. Vincent2, Patrice Soumillion1 & David Alsteens1,3✉ DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18319-6 Study of the interactions established between the viral glycoproteins and their host receptors is of critical importance for a better understanding of virus entry into cells. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2’s entry into host cells is mediated by its spike glycoprotein (S-glycoprotein), and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified as a cellular receptor. Here, we use atomic force microscopy to investigate the mechanisms by which the S-glycoprotein binds to the ACE2 receptor. We demonstrate, both on model surfaces and on living cells, that the receptor binding domain (RBD) serves as the binding interface within the S-glycoprotein with the ACE2 receptor and extract the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of this binding pocket. Altogether, these results provide a picture of the established interaction on living cells. Finally, we test several binding inhibitor peptides targeting the virus’s early attachment stages, offering new perspectives in the treatment of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Chlorine dioxide inhibits the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by blocking viral attachment Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of a Chlorine Dioxide Solution Zhenbang Zhu, Yang Guo, Piao Yu, Xiaoying Wang, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Wenjuan Dong, Xiaohong Liu, Chunhe Guo⁎ State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, North Third Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2018.11.002 ABSTRACT Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes a great economic loss to the swine industry globally. Current prevention and treatment measures are not effective in controlling the outbreak and spread of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS). In other words, new antiviral strategies are urgently needed. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is regarded as a broad-spectrum disinfectant with strong inhibitory effects on microbes and parasites. ... Read more